Effect of Clomiphene Citrate on the Ultrastructure of Testis in Albino Rats

SUMMARY: The aim of the present work was to study the closer effect of clomiphene citrate on the ultrastructure of the testis of adult albino rats to provide a basis for optimizing this drug in the treatment of male infertility. The testes were removed from both groups under anesthesia and then prepared for examination by light using hematoxylin and eosin stains and a transmission electron microscope. Semithin sections were cut into 1 µm thick sections, stained with toluidine blue, and examined by light microscopy for a survey. The desired areas were placed in the center, and other areas were trimmed. Primary spermatocytes showed marked nuclear changes (pyknosis), and their nuclear membranes were ill-defined and disrupted. The cytoplasm showed widespread degeneration of mitochondria and lysosomes and focal degeneration of the rough endoplasmic reticulum compared with the control group. The spermatids were pale, and the two phases of spermatogenesis were distinctly identifiable in the control group but were confused in the treated group. Some spermatids had interrupted nuclear membranes, also containing degenerated mitochondria, focal fragmentation of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and free ribosomes. Spermatozoa in the treated group appeared deformed compared to the control, where they had deformed head caps. Leydig cells of the treated group have an irregularly shaped nucleus, with focal chromatin aggregation and peripheral chromatin condensation on the inner surface of the nuclear membrane. The observations of the present work indicate a possible causal relationship between testicular affection and ingestion of clomiphene citrate, which can be avoided by close medical observations using ultrasonography, semen analysis, or testicular biopsy to detect early malignant changes. Furthermore, the drug should not be used for more than three to six cycles and should be stopped for at least three cycles before reuse. When clomiphene citrate is ineffective in the treatment of male infertility, human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) administration is typically selected. However, high-dose hMG therapy is associated with a variety of adverse effects. In this work, we report the success of a modified clomiphene citrate regimen in increasing sperm count without any hazards to the testicular tissue.

El objetivo del trabajo fue estudiar el efecto del citrato de clomifeno sobre la estructura de los testículos de la rata albina adulta, con la finalidad de determinar la mejor manera de utilizar este fármaco en el tratamiento de la infertilidad masculina. Los testículos se extrajeron bajo anestesia y para su análisis a través de microscopio de luz se tiñeron con HE. Además, las muestras fueron preparadas para su examen con microscopía electrónica de transmisión. Por otra parte, se cortaron secciones semifinas de 1 µm de espesor, se tiñeron con azul de toluidina y se examinaron mediante microscopía óptica. Los espermatocitos primarios mostraron cambios nucleares marcados (picnosis) y sus membranas nucleares estaban mal definidas y alteradas. En el grupo experimental las células presentaban el citoplasma con degeneración generalizada de las mitocondrias y de los lisosomas y una degeneración focal del retículo endoplásmico rugoso en comparación con el grupo control. Las espermátidas estaban pálidas y las dos fases de la espermatogénesis eran claramente identificables en el grupo control, pero se confundían en el grupo tratado. Algunas espermátidas tenían membranas nucleares interrumpidas, y también contenían mitocondrias degeneradas, fragmentación focal del retículo endoplásmico rugoso y ribosomas libres. Los espermatozoides del grupo tratado se presentaban deformados en comparación con el control. Las células de Leydig del grupo tratado presentaban un núcleo de forma irregular, con agregación focal de cromatina y condensación de cromatina periférica en la superficie interna de la membrana nuclear. Las observaciones del presente trabajo indican una posible relación causal entre la afección testicular y la ingestión de citrato de clomifeno, que puede evitarse mediante observaciones médicas minuciosas a través de ecografía, análisis de semen o biopsia testicular para detectar cambios malignos tempranos. Además, el medicamento no debiera ser usado durante más de tres a seis ciclos y debe suspenderse durante al menos tres ciclos antes de volver a usarlo. Cuando el citrato de clomifeno es ineficaz en el tratamiento de la infertilidad masculina, normalmente se selecciona la administración de gonadotropina menopáusica humana (hMG). Sin embargo, la terapia con hMG en dosis altas se asocia con una variedad de efectos adversos. En este trabajo, informamos el éxito de un régimen modificado con citrato de clomifeno para aumentar el recuento de espermatozoides sin riesgo para el tejido testicular.

Exploring the anatomical factors influencing testes elasticity via ultrasound shear wave elastography: Preliminary results.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the anatomical factors influencing elasticity values of normal testicular parenchyma using shear wave elastography (SWE). METHODS: This study examined 68 healthy male volunteers (117 testes in which standard transverse axis ultrasonography views could be obtained) via conventional scrotal ultrasonography and SWE. Both the mean (EMean) and standard deviation (ESD) elasticity values were acquired. RESULTS: In the standard transverse axis view of the rete testis at the mid-lateral edge of the testes, the EMean values in 2mm the testicular parenchyma from the rete testis and the testicular capsule at the same level as the rete testis were all significantly larger than in the central zone (P<0.001, P<0.001, respectively). The EMean value in the testicular parenchyma 2mm from the testicular capsule on the line formed approximately 45° below the horizontal line of the rete testis was significantly larger than in the rete testis approximately 45° above the horizontal line (P<0.001). In two standard transverse axis views, the ESD values in other regions were significantly larger than those in the central zones (all P<0.001). Also, the EMean values in the transmediastinal arteries were larger than those of the surrounding normal testicular parenchyma (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Based on SWE, factors including the testicular capsule, the density of testicular fibrous septa, the depth of the Q-Box™, and the transmediastinal artery may influence the testes elasticity measurement.

Chronic minocycline administration improves spermatogenesis in rats / La administración crónica de minociclina mejora la espermatogénesis en ratas

Introduction: Minocycline is a tetracycline with promising protective effects on different organs which are completely distinct from its antibacterial effects. Methods: To evaluate the effects of chronic administration of this agent on histological structure and sperm parameters of testes, forty adult male rats were randomly allocated into 2 equal groups I: control animals and II: treated animal that received 25mg/kg/day minocycline, orally. After 90 days of treatment, serum level of testosterone was assessed as well as sperm count, motility and morphology. Moreover, histological and histomorphometric evaluation of testes was performed including determination of height of the seminiferous germinal epithelium and perpendicular diameter of seminiferous tubules. Numbers of spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, spermatids, Sertoli and Leydig cells were counted. Johnsen's scoring method was also performed. Results: Sperm parameters significantly improved in minocycline-treated animals. Moreover, number of germ cells in different stages of development significantly increased in treatment group as compared to control. This finding was associated with better Johnsen's score and thicker epithelium in seminiferous tubules. However, serum testosterone levels, Leydig and Sertoli cell count as well as tubular diameter did not show significant changes (p>0.05). Discussion: Chronic administration of minocycline is associated with improved spermatogenesis and sperm characteristics without affecting steroidogenesis in rats. (AU)

Introducción: La minociclina es una tetraciclina con efectos protectores prometedores en diferentes órganos que son completamente distintos de sus efectos antibacterianos. Métodos: Para evaluar los efectos de la administración crónica de este agente sobre la estructura histológica y los parámetros espermáticos de los testículos, se asignaron al azar 40 ratas macho adultas en 2 grupos iguales: I, animales control; y II, animal tratado que recibió 25mg/kg/día de minociclina, por vía oral. Después de 90 días de tratamiento, se evaluó el nivel sérico de testosterona, así como el recuento, la motilidad y la morfología de los espermatozoides. Además, se realizó una evaluación histológica e histomorfométrica de los testículos, incluida la determinación de la altura del epitelio germinal seminífero y el diámetro perpendicular de los túbulos seminíferos. Se contó el número de espermatogonias, espermatocitos primarios, espermátidas, células de Sertoli y Leydig. También se realizó el método de puntuación de Johnsen. Resultados: Los parámetros de los espermatozoides mejoraron significativamente en los animales tratados con minociclina. Además, el número de células germinales en diferentes etapas de desarrollo aumentó significativamente en el grupo de tratamiento en comparación con el control. Este hallazgo se asoció con una mejor puntuación de Johnsen y un epitelio más grueso en los túbulos seminíferos. Sin embargo, los niveles séricos de testosterona, el recuento de células de Leydig y Sertoli y el diámetro tubular no mostraron cambios significativos (p>0,05). Discusión: La administración crónica de minociclina se asocia con una mejor espermatogénesis y características de los espermatozoides sin afectar la esteroidogénesis en ratas. (AU)

Chronic minocycline administration improves spermatogenesis in rats.

INTRODUCTION: Minocycline is a tetracycline with promising protective effects on different organs which are completely distinct from its antibacterial effects. METHODS: To evaluate the effects of chronic administration of this agent on histological structure and sperm parameters of testes, forty adult male rats were randomly allocated into 2 equal groups I: control animals and II: treated animal that received 25mg/kg/day minocycline, orally. After 90 days of treatment, serum level of testosterone was assessed as well as sperm count, motility and morphology. Moreover, histological and histomorphometric evaluation of testes was performed including determination of height of the seminiferous germinal epithelium and perpendicular diameter of seminiferous tubules. Numbers of spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, spermatids, Sertoli and Leydig cells were counted. Johnsen's scoring method was also performed. RESULTS: Sperm parameters significantly improved in minocycline-treated animals. Moreover, number of germ cells in different stages of development significantly increased in treatment group as compared to control. This finding was associated with better Johnsen's score and thicker epithelium in seminiferous tubules. However, serum testosterone levels, Leydig and Sertoli cell count as well as tubular diameter did not show significant changes (p>0.05). DISCUSSION: Chronic administration of minocycline is associated with improved spermatogenesis and sperm characteristics without affecting steroidogenesis in rats.

Cyperus esculentus L. protects testis and sperm morphology of hyperglycaemic rats / Cyperus esculentus L. protege la morfología de los testículos y los espermatozoides de ratas hiperglicémicas

Cyperus esculentus L. (tiger nut) is a tuberous plant that promotes and protects reproductive functions, which are usually hampered in diabetics. The present study investigated the effect of Cyperus esculentus tuber extract (CETE) on testicular histology and sperm viability of alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic Wistar rats. Twenty-five adult male Wistar rats weighing 150-200g and grouped into five (n=5): Group 1, the control, administered tap water (20mL/kg), while groups 2-5 were administered a single intraperitoneal dose (120mg/kg b.w.) of alloxan, and each further received orally tap water (20mL/kg), CETE (100mg/kg), CETE (500 mg/kg) and metformin (500 mg/kg), respectively for 21 days. The animals were sacrificed, their sperm collected for analysis, while the testes were harvested, and processed for histology. Results showed significantly increased (p<0.05) blood glucose and testosterone, and significantly decreased (p<0.05) sperm pH, motility, count, morphology and density, as well as disruptions and hypertrophy of the spermatogenic and Sertoli cells of the hyperglycaemic group. There were significant (p<0.05) blood glucose decline, while the sperm parameters and testicular weight improved with normal testicular histology in the 100 mg/kg CETE, 500 mg/kg CETE, and metformin-treated groups compared to the control and hyperglycaemic group. Treatment with CETE showed blood glucose amelioration and improved sperm quality, as well as testicular damage attenuation.

Cyperus esculentus L. es una planta tuberosa que promueve y protege las funciones reproductivas, que generalmente se ven afectadas en los diabéticos. El presente estudio investigó el efecto del extracto de tubérculo de Cyperus esculentus (CETE) sobre la histología testicular y la viabilidad de los espermatozoides de ratas wistar con hiperglicemia inducida por alloxan. Veinticinco ratas Wistar macho adultas que pesaban 150-200 g y se agruparon en cinco (n = 5): el grupo 1, el control, administró agua del grifo (20ml / kg), mientras que los grupos 2-5 se les administró una dosis intraperitoneal única (120 mg / kg p.v.) de alloxan, y agua del grifo por vía oral (20ml/kg), CETE (100 mg/kg), CETE (500 mg/kg) y metformina (500 mg/kg), respectivamente durante 21 días. Los animales fueron sacrificados, su esperma recolectada para su análisis, mientras que los testículos fueron retirados y procesados para histología. Los resultados mostraron un aumento significativo (p<0,05) de la glucosa en sangre y la testosterona, y una disminución significativa (p<0,05) del pH, la motilidad, el recuento, la morfología y la densidad de los espermatozoides, así como interrupciones e hipertrofia de las células espermatogénicas y sertoli del grupo hiperglucémico. Hubo una disminución significativa (p<0,05) de la glucosa en sangre, mientras que los parámetros espermáticos y el peso testicular mejoraron con la histología testicular normal en los grupos de 100 mg / kg de CETE, 500 mg / kg de CETE y tratados con metformina en comparación con el grupo de control e hiperglucémico. El tratamiento con CETE mostró una mejora de la glucosa en sangre y una mejora de la calidad de los espermatozoides, así como atenuación del daño testicular.

Expression of the homeobox proteins Dlx-5 and TLX1 during the development of cat testis / Expresión de las proteínas homeobox Dlx-5 y TLX1 durante el desarrollo del testículo de gato

SUMMARY: Recent studies have shown that homeobox proteins play an important role in the formation and development of tissues and organs in the embryonic period. In our study, the distribution of Dlx-5 and TLX proteins, which are members of the homeobox family, in the testis, epididymis and ductus deferens ducts of some cat breeds were investigated. For this purpose, in the study, 18 testes younger than six months (immature) and older than one year (mature) were examined under a light microscope using an immunohistochemical method (indirect streptavidin-biotin complex). While it was determined that Dlx-5 and TLX1 proteins were expressed at varying levels in cells in immature and mature cat testicles, epithelial cells of ductus epididymis and ductus deferens, and smooth muscle cells of ductus deferens, no differences were observed between cat breeds. Dlx-5 immunoreactivity was more intense in the testes, epididymis and deferens ducts of immature and mature compared to TLX1. These results suggested that both proteins play important roles in the development of male feline genital organs and in the secretion and differentiation of cells, and also further observation of Dlx-5 expression suggested that this protein may be more effective than TLX1 in testicular development and physiological processes.

RESUMEN: Estudios recientes han demostrado que las proteínas homeobox juegan un papel importante en la formación y desarrollo de tejidos y órganos en el período embrionario. En nuestro estudio, se investigó la distribución de las proteínas Dlx-5 y TLX, que son miembros de la familia homeobox, en los testículos, en el epidídimo y en los conductos deferentes de algunas razas de gatos. En el estudio fueron examinados, 18 testículos de animales menores de seis meses (inmaduros) y mayores de un año (maduros) bajo un microscopio óptico utilizando un método inmunohistoquímico (complejo indirecto de estreptavidina-biotina). Si bien se determinó que las proteínas Dlx-5 y TLX1 se expresaron en niveles variables en las células de los testículos de gatos inmaduros y maduros, las células epiteliales del epidídimo y del conducto deferente y las células del músculo liso del conducto deferente, no se observaron diferencias entre las razas de gatos. La inmunorreactividad de Dlx-5 fue más intensa en los testículos, epidídimo y conductos deferentes de gatos inmaduros y maduros en comparación con TLX1. Estos resultados sugieren que ambas proteínas tienen un rol importante en el desarrollo de los órganos genitales felinos masculinos y en la secreción y diferenciación de células, y también la observación de la expresión de Dlx-5 sugirió que esta proteína puede ser más efectiva que TLX1 en el desarrollo testicular y en los procesos fisiológicos.

Implicaciones de los virus Zika y Chikungunya en el semen durante la transmisión sexual / Implications of Zika and Chikungunya viruses in semen during sexual transmission

Introducción: Los brotes de enfermedades causados por los virus Zika (VZIK) y Chikungunya (VCHIK) representan un problema de salud pública para muchos países tropicales y subtropicales. Objetivo: Discutir las implicaciones del hallazgo del VZIK y del VCHIK en el semen, y su relación con la transmisión sexual y la fertilidad masculina. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura usando artículos indexados en PubMed (Medline), Embase y Scopus. Información, análisis y síntesis: Si bien los mosquitos del género Aedes son el vector principal y transmiten ambos virus, la transmisión sexual es una vía de infección significativa del VZIK y una posible ruta alterna para el VCHIK. La diseminación de estas arbovirosis vía linfática y sanguínea contribuye a la infección de diversos tejidos, incluyendo el tracto reproductivo masculino, donde el VZIK puede persistir. La infección de los testículos y quizás también de las glándulas accesorias del sistema reproductor masculino, se asocia con síntomas genitourinarios o alteraciones espermáticas, relacionadas con la detección del virus por largos periodos. Aunque no hay evidencia contundente sobre la presencia del VCHIK en el tracto genital masculino, se ha hallado en orina y semen. Además, se ha sugerido una posible persistencia en macrófagos que pueden infiltrar diferentes tejidos periféricos y cumplir una función de reservorio. Conclusiones: Hay presencia y persistencia de los virus Zika y Chikungunya en el tracto reproductor masculino. La infección en el semen se asocia con la transmisión sexual del virus, y con la alteración en la producción y calidad de los espermatozoides, con consecuencias clínicas graves en la salud sexual y reproductiva de los hombres infectados(AU)

Introduction: Disease outbreaks caused by Zika (ZIKV) and Chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses represent a public health problem for many tropical and subtropical countries. Objective: To discuss the implications of finding ZIKV and CHIKV in semen, and their relationship to sexual transmission and male fertility. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was carried out using articles indexed in PubMed (Medline), Embase and Scopus. Information, Analysis and Synthesis: Although Aedes mosquitoes are the primary vector and transmit both viruses, sexual transmission is a significant route of infection for ZIKV and a possible alternate route for CHIKV. Spread of these arboviruses via lymphatic and blood routes contributes to infection of various tissues, including the male reproductive tract, where ZIKV may persist. Infection of the testes and probably of the accessory glands of the male reproductive system is associated with genitourinary symptoms or sperm alterations, related to the detection of the virus for long periods. Although there is no conclusive evidence of the presence of CHIKV in the male genital tract, it has been found in urine and semen. In addition, a possible persistence in macrophages that can infiltrate different peripheral tissues and function as reservoir has been suggested. Conclusions: Zika and Chikungunya viruses can be present and persist in the male reproductive tract. Infection in semen is associated with sexual transmission of the virus and with alterations in the production and quality of spermatozoa, with serious clinical consequences in the sexual and reproductive health of infected men(AU)

Histology and structure of the testicles in three species of Atelopus frogs (Anura: Bufonidae) endemic to the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia / Histología y estructura de los testículos en tres especies de ranas Atelopus (Anura: Bufonidae) endémicas de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia

Abstract Introduction: Testicular histology constitutes one of the least explored aspects in frogs of the genus Atelopus. This taxonomic group shows an alarming population decline; therefore, its reproductive biology is one of the greatest topics of interest for its conservation. Objective: To describe the testicular morphology and the spermatogenetic lineage cells in adult males of Atelopus laetissimus, Atelopus nahumae, and Atelopus carrikeri in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Methods: During June - July 2017 and 2018, sampling was conducted in the localities of San Lorenzo and Páramo Cebolletas, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM), to collect 15 adult males, 5 per species. Testes samples were fixed in Bouin to be processed by the standard paraffin-embedding technique. Histological sections (3 μm) were stained with Hematoxylin-eosin and Mallory-Heidenhain-Azan-Gomori's. For the description and photographic register of the germ cells, the photonic microscopy technique was used with the differential interference contrast system. Results: The testes are oval organs, compact, light yellow color, and with little vascularization. Externally, they are surrounded by a thin albuginea tunic constituted by regular dense connective tissue. Inside this layer, they are composed of numerous seminiferous tubules of hexagonal contour, in which germ cell cysts are distinguished at different stages of spermatogenesis (spermatogonia I and II, spermatocyte I and II, and early and late spermatids) and spermiogenesis (spermatozoa in fascicles and free spermatozoa). Separating the seminiferous structures is the interstitial tissue in which Leydig cells and blood vessels stand out. Additionally, in the cranial part of the testis, the Bidder's organ was found, formed by two distinguishable regions, the cortex and the medulla. In the cortex, there are previtellogénic oocytes of different sizes surrounded by a monolayer of flat follicular cells. For its part, the medullary region is the connective tissue that nourishes the oocytes and is constituted by blood capillaries. Conclusions: The gonads of the three species analyzed present a cystic cellular organization similar to other anurans, where all stages of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis were identified, possibly indicating a continuous reproductive activity. Likewise, the Bidder's organ is reported for the first time in the three Atelopus species, which allows suggesting a possible sexual reversion in case of a population decrease of females as a reproductive strategy.

Resumen Introducción: La histología testicular constituye uno de los aspectos menos explorados en las ranas del género Atelopus. Este grupo taxonómico ostenta un declive poblacional alarmarte, es por ello, que su biología reproductiva resulta uno de los temas de mayor interés para su conservación. Objetivo: Describir la morfología testicular y las células del linaje espermatogénico en machos adultos de Atelopus laetissimus, Atelopus nahumae y Atelopus carrikeri en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Métodos: Durante Junio - Julio de 2017 y 2018 se realizaron muestreos en las localidades de San Lorenzo y Páramo Cebolletas, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM), para recolectar 15 machos adultos, 5 por especie. Las muestras de testículo se fijaron en Bouin para ser procesadas mediante la técnica estándar de inclusión en parafina. Las secciones histológicas (3 μm) se tiñeron con Hematoxilina-eosina y Mallory-Heidenhain-Azan-Gomori's. Para la descripción y registro fotográfico de las células germinales, se utilizó la técnica de microscopía fotónica con el sistema de contraste diferencial de interferencia. Resultados: Los testículos son órganos ovalados, compactos, de color amarillo claro y con poca vascularización. Externamente, están rodeados por una delgada túnica albugínea constituida por tejido conectivo denso regular. Al interior de esta capa se componen por numerosos túbulos seminíferos de contorno hexagonal, en los que se distinguen quistes de células germinativas en diferentes etapas de la espermatogénesis (espermatogonia I y II, espermatocito I y II y espermátidas tempranas y tardías) y espermiogénesis (espermatozoides en fascículos y espermatozoides libres). Separando las estructuras seminíferas se halla el tejido intersticial en el que se destacan las células de Leydig y los vasos sanguíneos. Adicionalmente, en la parte craneal del testículo se encontró el órgano de bidder formado por dos regiones diferenciables, la corteza y la medula. En la corteza se aprecian ovocitos previtelogénicos en diferente tamaño rodeados por una monocapa de células foliculares planas. Por su parte, la región medular es el tejido conectivo que nutre los ovocitos y está constituido por capilares sanguíneos. Conclusiones: Las gónadas de las tres especies analizadas presentan una organización celular quística de manera similar con otros anuros, donde se identificó todos los estadios de la espermatogénesis y espermiogénesis indicando posiblemente una actividad reproductiva continua. Así mismo, se reporta por primera vez el órgano de bidder en las tres especies de Atelopus, lo cual permite sugerir una posible reversión sexual en caso de una disminución poblacional de las hembras como una estrategia reproductiva.

Scrotal thermographic profile and seminal characteristics of Mangalarga Marchador stallions bred in the Atlantic Rainforest biome / [Perfil termográfico escrotal e características seminais de garanhões Mangalarga Marchador criados no bioma Mata Atlântica]

The objective of this study was to determine the scrotal thermographic profile and to verify the influence of temperature and humidity of the humid tropical climate on testicular temperature and seminal quality of Mangalarga Marchador stallions. The thermal profiles of the proximal, middle, and distal zones of the testicles and total surface temperature (TSTT) were recorded using an FLIR E60bx thermal imager. The average air temperature (°C) and relative humidity (%) were obtained 1, 5, 9, 33, and 66 days before semen collection and showed a mean value of 26.5±2.4 and 80.4±6.0 respectively. The scrotal surface temperature was close to 34°C and there was no variation with the age of the stallion, reproductive activity, and characteristics of the ejaculate (P>0.05). The only significant correlations obtained were between TSTT and minor defects (R = 0.41; P<0.05), between TSTT and total defects (R = 0.46; P<0.01), and between TSTT and percentage of morphologically normal sperm (R = -0.46; P<0.05). It was concluded that the Mangalarga Marchador stallions maintained the testicular temperature within favorable conditions for spermatogenesis, demonstrating the efficiency of testicular thermoregulation mechanisms in the Atlantic Forest biome.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o perfil termográfico escrotal e verificar a influência da temperatura e da umidade do clima tropical úmido na temperatura testicular e na qualidade seminal de garanhões Mangalarga Marchador. Os perfis térmicos das zonas proximal, média e distal dos testículos e a temperatura da superfície total (TSTT) foram registrados usando-se um termovisor FLIR E60bx. A temperatura média do ar (° C) e a umidade relativa (%) foram obtidas um, cinco, nove, 33 e 66 dias antes da coleta de sêmen e apresentaram valor médio de 26,5 ± 2,4 e 80,4 ± 6,0, respectivamente. A temperatura da superfície escrotal foi próxima a 34°C, e não houve variação com a idade do garanhão, a atividade reprodutiva e as características do ejaculado (P>0,05). As únicas correlações significativas obtidas foram entre TSTT e defeitos menores (R=0,41; P<0,05), entre TSTT e defeitos totais (R=0,46; P<0,01), e entre TSTT e porcentagem de espermatozoides morfologicamente normais (R=-0,46; P<0,05). Concluiu-se que os garanhões Mangalarga Marchador mantiveram a temperatura testicular dentro de condições favoráveis para a espermatogênese, demonstrando a eficiência dos mecanismos de termorregulação testicular no bioma Mata Atlântica.

Quercetin Inhibits ROS-p53-Bax-caspase-3 axis of apoptosis and augments gonadotropin and testicular hormones in chronic unpredictable stress-Induced testis injury / La quercetina inhibe el eje de apoptosis ROS-p53-Bax-caspasa-3 y aumenta la gonadotropina y las hormonas testiculares en la lesión testicular inducida por estrés crónico e impredecible

SUMMARY: A large body of evidence supports the protective role of the flavonol antioxidant compound quercetin in mammals. We tested the hypothesis that quercetin can protect against the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis defect like a reduction in gonadotropins and testicular hormones and abnormal semen analysis induced by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS), possibly via the downregulation of oxidative stress (ROS) and p53-Bax-caspase-3 pathways. Rats were either exposed to a variety of unpredictable stressors daily before being sacrificed after 3 weeks (model group) or were treated with quercetin (50 mg/kg body weight/day) at the same time the CUS were induced (treated group). Harvested testicular tissues were stained with basic histological staining, and testis homogenates were assayed for the tumor suppressor p53, apoptosis regulator Bax, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), caspase-3, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In addition, harvested epididymis tissues were used to assess semen analysis, and blood samples were assayed for the testicular hormone testosterone, the adrenal cortex hormone corticosterone, and the anterior pituitary gonadotropins, follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). CUS induced profound testicular damage and significantly (p<0.05) induced p53, Bax, caspase-3, MDA, and corticosterone, which were significantly (p<0.05) inhibited by quercetin except corticosterone. Whereas, quercetin significantly (p<0.05) increased FSH, LH, testosterone, Bcl-2, GPx, and SOD levels that were inhibited by CUS. In addition, CUS induced oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, and teratozoospermia, which were significantly (p<0.05) protected by quercetin. Thus, Quercetin protects against CUS-induced HPG defects in rats, which is associated with the inhibition of ROS-p53-Bax-caspase-3 axis.

RESUMEN: El papel protector del compuesto antioxidante flavonol quercetina en los mamíferos ha sido ampliamente reportado. Probamos la hipótesis que la quercetina puede proteger contra el defecto del eje hipotálamo-hipofisiario- gonadal (HHG) como una reducción de gonadotropinas y hormonas testiculares y análisis de semen anormal inducido por estrés crónico impredecible (ECI), posiblemente a través de la regulación reducida del estrés oxidativo (REO) y las vías p53- Bax-caspasa-3. Las ratas fueron expuestas a una variedad de fac- tores estresantes impredecibles diariamente antes de ser sacrificadas después de 3 semanas (grupo modelo) o fueron tratadas con quercetina (50 mg / kg de peso corporal / día) al mismo tiempo que se indujo la ECI (grupo tratado). Los tejidos testiculares fueron teñidos con tinción histológica básica y los homogeneizados de testículo se analizaron para determinar el supresor de tumores p53, el regulador de apoptosis Bax, el linfoma de células B 2 (Bcl-2), la caspasa-3, el malondialdehído (MDA), la glutatión peroxidasa (GPx) y superóxido dismutasa (SOD). Además, se utilizaron tejidos del epidídimo recolectados para evaluar el análisis de semen y se analizaron muestras de sangre para determinar la hormona testicular testosterona, la hormona corticosterona de la corteza suprarrenal y las gonadotropinas de la hipófisis anterior, la hormona estimulante folicular (FSH) y la hormona luteinizante (LH). El ECI indujo daño testicular importante e indujo significativamente niveles de (p <0,05) p53, Bax, caspasa-3, MDA y corticosterona, que fueron inhibidos (p <0,05) por la quercetina. La quercetina aumentó significativamente (p <0,05) los niveles de FSH, LH, testosterona, Bcl-2, GPx y SOD que fueron inhibidos por ECI. Además, ECI indujo oligozoospermia, astenozoospermia y teratozoospermia, protegidos de manera significativa (p <0,05) por la quercetina. Por lo tanto, la quercetina protege contra los defectos de HHG inducidos por ECI en ratas, lo que está asociado con la inhibición del eje ROS-p53-Bax-caspasa-3.

Fluoride-induced testicular degeneration and sperm quality deteriorations: Salutary role of Cyperus esculentus tubers (tiger nut) extract in animal model.

OBJECTIVE: Chronic exposure to fluoride causes tissue damage induced by oxidative imbalance, Cyperus esculentus (CE) possess anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory properties. This study focused on Salutary role of Cyperus esculentus in sodium fluoride (NaF) induced testicular degeneration and sperm quality deteriorations. METHODS: Sexually mature male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=6). Animals in control group received 2 mls of normal saline per day; CE group received 500mg/kg bw of CE; NaF group received 5mg/kg bw of NaF; NaF+CE group received 500mg/kg bw of CE (for 14 days pre-treatment) and NaF co-treatment till 56 days via gastric gavage. Parameters tested include: testicular histology, sperm parameters, sex hormone, fertility test, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), testicular fluoride and testicular cholesterol. RESULTS: Sodium fluoride significantly (p<.05) decrease testicular antioxidant (SOD, CAT, GSH and GPx), sperm quality, hormone profiles (TT, FSH, LH, estrogen levels), testicular cholesterol, morphometric parameters, Johnsen's Score and number of implantations in female rats with corresponding (p<.05) increase in oxidative stress makers and abnormal sperm morphology. Also depleted seminiferous epithelium and degenerate spermatogenic cells. Pretreatment with 500mg/kg bw of CE lowered NaF toxicity by significantly reducing the lipid peroxidation products, fluoride accumulation in the testis, histopathological changes of the testes and spermatozoa abnormalities and reverted observed NaF-induced inhibition in antioxidant parameters and weight of accessory sex organs. CONCLUSIONS: Cyperus esculentus attenuated NaF-induced testicular injuries and protected the seminiferous epithelium, reduced oxidative stress and promoted spermatogenesis.

Estudio preliminar del efecto del consumo de metales pesados en el desarrollo e histología testicular del macho cabrío (Capra hircus) / Preliminary study of the effect of heavy metal consumption on the development and testicular histology of the male goat (Capra hircus)

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el desarrollo testicular y describir la calidad del parénquima testicular de machos cabríos alimentados con pasto, maíz molido y agua obtenidos de campos contaminados con residuos de minería. Se evaluó la concentración de plomo, arsénico y cadmio en sangre y tejido testicular, así como otros indicadores como testosterona, el parénquima testicular, la concentración espermática y porcentaje de espermatozoides malformados. Se encontró mayor concentración de cadmio (Cd) en el parénquima testicular, posiblemente debido a la mayor capacidad de bioacumulación de este metal. El promedio de concentración de testosterona fue de 0.16 mg/dL. El parénquima testicular presentó vacuolización del citoplasma, degeneración del epitelio germinativo con escasas células de Sertoli y Leydig, así como ausencia de espermatogénesis y espermatozoides. La concentración espermática estuvo por debajo de lo reportado como normal. La concentración de espermatozoides y testosterona pudo variar debido a un bajo conteo de células de Leydig y Sertoli. El consumo de alimento y agua contaminados con residuos de minería, permiten que metales pesados como cadmio y arsénico se acumulen en los testículos afectando negativamente el parénquima testicular, pero no el tamaño testicular. (AU)

The aim is to evaluate the testicular development and described the quality of the testicular parenchyma of male goats consuming grass, ground corn and water obtained from fields contaminated with mining residues. The concentration of lead, arsenic and cadmium in blood and testicular tissue was evaluated as well as other indicators such as testosterone concentration, testicular parenchyma, sperm concentration and abnormalities sperm. A higher concentration of cadmium (Cd) were found in the testicular parenchyma, possibly due to the increased bioaccumulation capacity of this metal. The average testosterone concentration was 0.16 mg/dL. The testicular parenchyma presented vacuolization of the cytoplasm degeneration of the germinative epithelium with few Sertoli and Leydig cells, as well as absence of spermatogenesis and spermatozoa. The sperm concentration was below that was reported as normal. The concentration of sperm and testosterone could vary due to a low number of Sertoli and Leydig cells. The intake of food and water contaminated with mining residues, allow heavy metals such as cadmium and arsenic to accumulate in the testicles negatively affect testicular parenchyma, but not testicular size in male goats. (AU)

Síndrome de insensibilidad a andrógenos: revisión bibliográfica a propósito de 5 casos / Androgen insensitivity syndrome: literature review about 5 cases

El síndrome de insensibilidad a andrógenos (AIS en la sigla inglesa) es una entidad muy poco frecuente en endocrinología. Se caracteriza por la mutación del receptor de andrógenos de magnitud variable, por medio del cual individuos 46,XY no se virilizan normalmente, a pesar de conservar sus testículos y tener concentraciones de testosterona en rango masculino. El cuadro clínico es variable y depende la profundidad de la alteración del receptor. En un extremo, hay casos de insensibilidad androgénica completa (CAIS) con fenotipo femenino. En el otro extremo hay insensibilidad parcial (PAIS) que se extiende desde el fenotipo femenino, con o sin ambigüedad genital, hasta los casos de hombres infértiles o con subvirilización, que presentan insensibilidad androgénica más leve. En los fenotipos femeninos, los testículos suelen estar en posición ectópica y aquellos ubicados dentro del abdomen tienen riesgo de malignizarse, por lo que suelen extirparse. Estos son los casos de más difícil manejo, pues aparte de la necesidad de gonadectomía seguida de terapia hormonal femenina, existe una vagina estrecha y en fondo de saco ciego y que suele requerir corrección quirúrgica para permitir la actividad sexual. En este trabajo presentamos 5 casos de AIS vistos recientemente en 2 centros clínicos de Santiago y que ilustran la heterogeneidad de presentación. Además, hacemos una revisión actualizada de los criterios diagnósticos, los tratamientos más adecuados y el manejo global de esta condición.

The Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS, in its English acronym) is a very rare entity in endocrinology. It is characterized by a variable magnitude androgen receptor mutation, whereby 46, XY individuals are not normally virilized, despite retaining their testicles and having testosterone concentrations in the male range. The clinical picture is variable and depends on the depth of the receptor alteration. At one extreme, there are cases of complete androgenic insensitivity (CAIS) with a female phenotype. At the other extreme, there is partial insensitivity (PAIS) that extends from the female phenotype, with or without genital ambiguity, to cases of infertile or undervirilized men, who have milder androgenic insensitivity. In female phenotypes, the testes are usually in an ectopic position and those located within the abdomen are at risk of malignancy, and therefore are usually removed. These are the most difficult cases to manage because apart from the need for gonadectomy followed by female hormonal therapy, there is a narrow vagina and a deep blind pouch that usually requires surgical correction to allow sexual activity. In this work, we present 5 cases of AIS recently seen in 2 clinical centers in Santiago and that illustrate the heterogeneity of presentation. In addition, we make an updated review of the diagnostic criteria, the most appropriate treatments, and the overall management of this condition.

Effects of melatonin against thioacetamide-induced testicular toxicity in rats / Efectos de la melatonina contra la toxicidad testicular inducida por tioacetamida en ratas

SUMMARY: This study aimed to investigate the changes in testis tissue of thioacetamide-induced rats and the effect of melatonin on these changes. Thirty-five male Wistar Albino rats were divided into five groups. Group I; Control (n=7), Group II; Melatonin (Mel) (10 mg/kg) a single dose (i.p)(n=7), Group III; Thioacetamide (TAA) (300 mg/kg) (i.p) 2 times with 24 hour intervals (n=7), Group IV; TAA (300 mg/kg) was administered at 24-hour intervals, afterwards of 10 mg/kg single dose of Mel (n=7), Group V; Mel was administered 10 mg/kg a single dose 24 hours before the administration of TAA (n=7). Testis was evaluated histologically, immunohistochemically (Heat Shock Proteins (HSP) 70 and 90), blood serum testosterone, total antioxidant status(TAS) and total oxidant status(TOS) in tissue. The tissue sections of Group III decreased seminiferous tubule diameters, and germinal epithelium spills were observed. HSP70 and HSP90 expressions were increased. There wasn't a statistically significant change in testosterone levels among the groups. While TAS levels decreased in Group III compared to control, TOS levels didn't change. HSP70 and HSP90 decreased in groups with Mel-treated. Mel was found to have both protective and therapeutic effects. According to our results, the therapeutic effect of Mel in thioacetamide-induced acute testicular injury is greater than its protective effect.

RESUMEN: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los cambios en el tejido testicular de ratas inducidas por tioacetamida y el efecto de la melatonina en estos cambios. Treinta y cinco ratas macho Wistar Albino se dividieron en cinco grupos. Grupo I; Control (n = 7), Grupo II; Melatonina (Mel) (10 mg / kg) una dosis única (i.p) (n = 7), Grupo III; Tioacetamida (TAA) (300 mg / kg) (i.p) 2 veces con intervalos de 24 horas (n = 7), Grupo IV; TAA (300 mg / kg) se administró a intervalos de 24 horas, luego de una dosis única de 10 mg / kg de Mel (n = 7), Grupo V; Mel recibió 10 mg / kg de una dosis única 24 horas antes de la administración de TAA (n = 7). Los testículos se evaluaron histológicamente, inmunohistoquímicamente (proteínas de choque térmico (PCT) 70 y 90), testosterona en suero sanguíneo, estado antioxidante total (EAT) y estado oxidante total (EOT) en el tejido. En secciones de tejido del Grupo III se observó disminución de los diámetros de los túbulos seminíferos y derrames en el epitelio germinal. Se aumentaron las expresiones HSP70 y HSP90. No hubo un cambio estadísticamente significativo en los niveles de testosterona entre los grupos. Mientras que los niveles de EAT disminuyeron en el Grupo III en comparación con el control, los niveles de EOT no cambiaron. HSP70 y HSP90 disminuyeron en los grupos tratados con Mel. Se descubrió que Mel tenía efectos protectores y terapéuticos. Según nuestros resultados, el efecto terapéutico de Mel en la lesión testicular aguda inducida por tioacetamida es mayor que su efecto protector.

Protective effect of gum arabic/insulin against histological changes in testes of diabetic rats / Efecto protector de la goma arábiga / insulina contra los cambios histológicos en los testículos de ratas diabéticas

Diabetes mellitus is a serious disease with a high incidence of occurrence in our community. Gum Arabic (GA) is a branched-chain polysaccharide which has strong antioxidant properties, and has been used to reduce the experimental toxicity. Yet, the effects of GA on testicular tissue in type I diabetic rats have not been enough investigated. This study was designed to investigate histological changes in testes of male Wistar rats and investigate the protective potential of GA against diabetes- induced testicular toxicity in rats. Fifty adult male Wistar rats were assigned into five groups (n = 10 of each): Group 1 (non-diabetic rats) served as control, Group 2 served as diabetic group injected with Alloxan, Group 3 diabetic group plus insulin, Group 4 diabetic group given 15 % GA in drinking water and Group 5 diabetic group plus insulin and GA for 4 weeks. Compared to control group, histopathological examinations of testicular tissue from the diabetic rats group, showed degeneration, necrosis and atrophy of seminiferous with presence of giant cells. Necrosis and hemorrhage in the renal tissue. On the other hand, treatment with GA ameliorated all the previous histological changes. Overall, oral administration of GA alone or with insulin daily for 4 weeks successfully ameliorated the testicular histological changes. These data demonstrated that GA significantly improved diabetes complication in rat testis. This study suggested that GA might have a protective effect against oxidative stress-induced impaired testicular functions in diabetic rats. The possible mechanisms of this action might be ascribed to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

La diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad grave con una alta incidencia en nuestra comunidad. La goma arábiga (GA) es un polisacárido con propiedades antioxidantes importantes, y se ha utilizado para reducir la toxicidad experimental. Sin embargo, los efectos de GA sobre el tejido testicular en ratas diabéticas tipo I no se ha investigado lo suficiente. El estudio fue diseñado para pesquisar los cambios histológicos en los testículos de ratas Wistar macho e investigar el potencial protector de GA contra la toxicidad testicular inducida por la diabetes en ratas. Fueron asignadas cincuenta ratas Wistar macho adultas en cinco grupos (n = 10 de cada una): el grupo 1 (ratas no diabéticas) sirvió como control, el grupo 2 sirvió como grupo diabético inyectado con Alloxan, grupo diabético del grupo 3 más insulina. El grupo 4 diabético recibió 15 % de GA en agua potable, y el grupo diabético 5 más insulina y GA durante 4 semanas. Al comparar con el grupo control, los exámenes histopatológicos del tejido testicular del grupo de ratas diabéticas mostraron degeneración, necrosis y atrofia de los túbulos seminíferos con presencia de células gigantes, necrosis y hemorragia en el tejido renal. Por otra parte, el tratamiento con GA mejoró todos los cambios histológicos previos. En general, la administración oral de GA solamente, o con insulina diariamente durante 4 semanas mejoró los cambios histológicos testiculares. Estos datos demostraron que GA mejoró significativamente los efectos de la diabetes en testículos de rata. Este estudio sugiere que GA podría tener un efecto protector contra las funciones testiculares deterioradas, inducidas por el estrés oxidativo en ratas diabéticas. Los posibles mecanismos de esta acción podrían atribuirse a sus propiedades antioxidantes y antiinflamatorias.

Anatomy of male and female reproductive organs of stink bugs pests (Pentatomidae: Heteroptera) from soybean and rice crops / Anatomia dos órgãos reprodutivos em machos e fêmeas de percevejos praga (Pentatomidae: Heteroptera) das culturas de soja e arroz

Abstract: Pentatomidae comprises a diverse group of stink bugs widely distributed in the Neotropical region. Many species are phytophagous and cause injuries to plants, and can thus be defined as agricultural pests. In this study, the anatomy of the female and male reproductive tracts of three important agricultural pests in Colombia is described: Piezodorus guildinii Westwood, 1837 and Chinavia ubicaRolston 1983, found on soybeans, and Oebalus insularis Stål, 1872, found in rice crops. For that, light microscopy techniques were used. The anatomy of the reproductive tract of sexually mature males of the three species studied consisted of a pair of testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory bulb, an ejaculatory duct that opens into an aedeagus, and paired accessory glands. The reproductive tract of females consisted of a pair of ovaries, each with seven telotrophic-meroistic ovarioles, a pair of lateral oviducts, common oviduct, spermatheca, and a genital chamber. Telotrophic ovarioles were comprised of terminal filament, tropharium, vitellarium, and pedicel. Differences in size, color, and position of structures along the reproductive tract were observed between the species examined. Reproductive biology of insects provides informative characters for behavioral and evolutionary studies, as well as useful data for pest control strategies.

Resumo: Pentatomidae compreende um diverso grupo de percevejos amplamente distribuídos na região Neotropical. Muitas espécies são fitófagas e causam algum tipo de injúria em plantas, podendo se configurar como pragas agrícolas. Neste trabalho, descrevemos a anatomia do trato reprodutor de machos e fêmeas em três importantes pragas agrícolas da Colômbia: Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood 1837) e Chinavia ubica (Rolston 1983) na cultura de soja e Oebalus insularis (Stål 1872) na cultura do arroz. Para isto, foram utilizadas técnicas de microscopia de luz. A anatomia do trato reprodutor em machos sexualmente maduros nas três espécies consistiu de um par testículos, vasos deferentes, vesículas seminais, bulbo ejaculatório, um ducto ejaculatório que se abre em um aedeagus e glândulas acessórias pareadas. O trato reprodutor das fêmeas consistiu de um par de ovários, cada um com sete ovaríolos telotróficos-meroísticos, um par de ovidutos laterais, uma espermateca e a câmara genital. Os ovaríolos telotróficos possuíam quatro diferentes regiões: filamento terminal, germário, vitelário e pedicelo. As diferenças entre as espécies foram observadas no tamanho, cor e posição das estruturas ao logo do trato reprodutivo. A biologia reprodutiva de insetos gera caracteres que fornecem informações para trabalhos envolvendo evolução, comportamento e estratégias de controle de pragas.

Morphology and biometry of the reproductive organs of adult males of Trachemys scripta elegans reared in São Paulo state, Brazil / Morfologia e biometria dos órgãos reprodutivos de machos adultos de Trachemys scripta elegans criados em São Paulo, Brasil

Trachemys scripta elegans is an American underwater chelonian illegally marketed in Brazilian pet shops. When abandoned in nature, it compromises native species, threatening local biodiversity. However, little is known about the body development and structure of its reproductive tract. The objective of the present study was to investigate the morphology and biometry of testis, epididymis and penis, as well as the biometry of the body and secondary sexual characters in this species. Twenty-seven adult males were used aiming to contribute to preservation actions in captivity, population control, and scientific research, as well as to interspecific comparisons. Sex identification by the third claw length was effective, and the specimens presented harmonious and positive body development between mass, carapace, plastron, and height, with unimodal tendency and higher frequency of maximum carapace length at 15cm. The testes and epididymides presented biometric similarity between the antimeres and anatomical and histological structure similar to that of other species of chelonians and mammals, except for the type of epithelium. The findings suggest that there is conserved morphology between slider turtles and homology in relation to mammals. Histological similarity to the reproductive organs of other amniotes, including humans, may give rise to scientific and comparative studies, essential for the establishment of conservation strategies in reptiles.(AU)

Trachemys scripta elegans é um quelônio subaquático americano ilegalmente comercializado em pet shops brasileiros. Ao ser abandonado na natureza, compromete as espécies nativas, ameaçando à biodiversidade local. No entanto, pouco se conhece sobre o desenvolvimento corporal e a estrutura do seu aparelho reprodutor. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar a morfologia e a biometria dos testículos, epidídimos e pênis, a biometria corporal e dos caracteres sexuais secundários. Foram utilizados 27 machos adultos desta espécie, visando contribuir com ações de preservação em cativeiro, controle populacional e pesquisas científicas, além de comparações interespecíficas. A identificação sexual pelo comprimento da terceira garra foi efetiva e os espécimes apresentaram desenvolvimento corporal harmônico e positivo entre massa, carapaça, plastrão e altura, com tendência unimodal e maior frequência de comprimento máximo de carapaça em 15,0cm. Testículos e epidídimos apresentaram semelhança biométrica entre os antímeros e estrutura anatômica e histológica semelhantes à de outras espécies de quelônios e mamíferos, excetuando-se pelo tipo de epitélio. Os achados sugerem haver morfologia conservada entre os cágados e homologia em relação aos mamíferos. A semelhança histológica com os órgãos reprodutivos de outros amniotas, incluindo os humanos, pode dar ensejo a estudos científicos e comparativos, essenciais para estabelecimento de estratégias de conservação em répteis.(AU)

Los ARNs no codificantes largos y su vinculación con las patologías testiculares / Long non-coding RNAs and their involvement in testicular pathologies / RNAs longos não-codificantes e sua ligação com patologias testiculares

Si bien la porción del genoma destinada a la síntesis de proteínas es muy pequeña, actualmente se sabe que casi todo el genoma se expresa bajo forma de ARNs no codificantes. Entre dichos ARNs se encuentran los ARNs no codificantes largos (lncRNAs). Aunque los lncRNAs han sido muy poco estudiados, recientemente han comenzado a centrar la atención de los investigadores, al descubrirse que los mismos pueden desempeñar diversas funciones en la regulación de la expresión génica. Además, su vinculación con patologías ha comenzado a ser puesta de manifiesto. Curiosamente, la cantidad de lncRNAs presentes en el testículo es abrumadoramente mayor que en cualquier otro órgano o tejido estudiado. Los perfiles de expresión de estos lncRNAs varían significativamente a lo largo de la espermatogénesis, y algunas evidencias sugieren que al menos algunos de ellos podrían participar en el proceso de formación de células germinales masculinas. No obstante, el conocimiento sobre el tema es aún muy escaso. En este trabajo revisamos la información disponible sobre la expresión de lncRNAs en el testículo y sus posibles funciones. Asimismo, analizamos algunos ejemplos que ilustran la participación de lncRNAs en el desarrollo de patologías como la infertilidad y el cáncer testicular.

Although the portion of the genome devoted to protein synthesis is very small, it is now known that almost the entire genome is expressed as non-coding RNAs. Among them, there are long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Despite that lncRNAs have been very poorly studied, they have recently started to focus the attention of researchers, as it has been found out that lncRNAs can perform diverse functions in the regulation of gene expression. Besides, their involvement in pathologies is being revealed. Intriguingly, the amount of lncRNAs in the testis is overwhelmingly higher than in any other analyzed organ or tissue. LncRNA expression profiles significantly vary along spermatogenesis, and some evidence suggests that at least some of them could participate in the formation of male germ cells. However, knowledge on the subject is still very scarce. In this work we review the available information on the expression of lncRNAs in testis and their possible roles. We also analyze some examples that illustrate the participation of lncRNAs in the development of pathologies such as infertility and testicular cancer.

Embora a porção do genoma usada para a síntese proteica seja muito pequena, sabe-se agora que quase todo o genoma é expresso na forma de RNAs não-codificantes. Entre esses RNAs estão os longos RNAs não codificantes (lncRNAs). Embora os lncRNAs tenham sido pouco estudados, eles recentemente começaram a focar a atenção dos pesquisadores, ao descobrirem que podem desempenhar diversas funções na regulação da expressão gênica. Além disso, sua ligação com as patologias começou a ser revelada. Curiosamente, a quantidade de lncRNAs presentes nos testículos é esmagadoramente maior do que em qualquer outro órgão ou tecido estudado. Os perfis de expressão destes lncRNAs variam significativamente ao longo da espermatogênese, e algumas evidências sugerem que pelo menos alguns deles poderiam participar no processo de formação de células germinativas masculinas. No entanto, o conhecimento sobre o assunto ainda é muito escasso. Neste trabalho, revisamos as informações disponíveis sobre a expressão de lncRNAs no testículo e suas possíveis funções. Também analisamos alguns exemplos que ilustram a participação dos lncRNAs no desenvolvimento de patologias como infertilidade e câncer testicular.

Trastorno del desarrollo sexual testicular 46, XX en evaluación de la fertilidad masculina. Presentación de caso / Disorder in the sexual testicular 46, XX in evaluation of the male fertility. Presentation of a case

El trastorno del desarrollo sexual testicular 46,XX es una causa infrecuente de infertilidad masculina. Con el objetivo de reportar un caso diagnosticado en la consulta de genética clínica del Centro Provincial de Genética Médica de Mayabeque, se presenta paciente fenotípicamente masculino que acude por infertilidad primaria con azoospermia y atrofia testicular (AU)

Ultrasonographic methods for evaluation of testicles in cats

The testicles are the primary sexual organs of male and their function is to produce sperm and sexual hormones. Disorders of the testicles are common in domestic cats. Therefore, detailed assessment of the testes is of great importance in veterinary medicine. Considering the recent advances in diagnostic imaging in companion animals, this review aims to describe the applicability elastography (qualitative and quantitative), Doppler, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and B-mode ultrasonography in testes evaluation in cats. B-mode ultrasonography of the testicles combined with haemodynamic analysis in real time by Doppler and contrast enhanced ultrasonography can assist as diagnostic tool in evaluating testicular abnormalities in sick cats. Furthermore, ARFI elastography is a new ultrasound method that evaluates tissue elasticity by elastogram and shear weave. Ultrasonographic study of the testes is a common diagnostic imaging procedure.

Los testículos son los principales órganos sexuales de los machos y su función es producir espermatozoides y hormonas sexuales. Los trastornos de estos órganos son comunes en gatos domésticos. La ultrasonografía convencional, combinada con el análisis hemodinámico en tiempo real por Doppler y ultrasonido contrastado son herramientas diagnósticas importantes para la evaluación de enfermedades testiculares en gatos. Además, La elastografía-ARFI es un método ecográfico actual que evalúa la elasticidad tisular por medio del elastograma y de la velocidad de propagación de las ondas de cizallamiento. El estudio ecográfico de los testículos es un procedimiento de diagnóstico por imágenes común.